Ilex aquifolium, commonly known as English holly or European holly, is a broadleaf evergreen tree or shrub native to Europe, western Asia, and North Africa. It is best known for its glossy, leathery, dark green leaves with sharply spiny margins, and its bright red berries that persist into winter, providing a striking contrast against the foliage. Holly is dioecious, meaning male and female flowers occur on separate plants, and only female plants produce the iconic berries when pollinated. In the landscape, Ilex aquifolium can grow as a dense hedge, a specimen shrub, or a small tree, often reaching 15–25 feet in cultivation, though it may grow taller in its native range. It prefers moist, well-drained soils and partial shade but is adaptable to different growing conditions. Culturally significant in folklore and traditions, holly has long been associated with winter celebrations, especially Christmas, symbolizing resilience and protection. Its dense growth also provides important shelter for birds, while the berries serve as a late-season food source for wildlife.